Social Norms and Values in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice

David Davidson Professor Jane Doe English 326 29 January 2014 Social Norms and Values in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen makes brilliant use of her characters and their situations to paint an image of society in the early 19th century. At the same time, the norms and values which she presents bear some remarkable similarities to today’s world. Social norms are defined by Kendall, Murray, and Linden in Sociology in Our Times as â€Å"established rules of behavior or standards of conduct† (664), while a social value is defined as â€Å"a collective idea about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture† (668). These terms can be used fairly interchangeably; they both†¦show more content†¦Both ladies and gentlemen were expected to be considerate to others, respectful towards those less powerful than themselves, courteous, and in control of their manners and appearance at all times. Flaunting one’s power was seen as rude a nd arrogant, and control over outward emotion was imperative. One of the primary examples of how Austen shows the values associated with a gentleman occurs with regard to Elizabeth’s early reactions to Darcy. Although rich, Darcy’s behavior proves that money is not enough to ensure respect. In spite of the initial admiration he is given at the Longbourn ball, his popularity waned quickly: He was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud, to be above his company, and above being pleased; and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend. (14) Darcy’s pride and his sense of superiority are considered rude and ungentlemanly behavior, and no amount of money or fine looks can save him from falling into disgrace with the people of Hertfordshire. Later, when Darcy first proposes to Elizabeth, she shocks him when she angrily exclaims that â€Å"had [he] behaved in a more gentleman-like manner† (168), then she may have feltShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1697 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Bennett: Outspoken in an Oppressive Society Jane Austen once said, â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). In other words, women of the nineteenth century were deemed dependent on men. They were to join an advantageous marriage to remain respectable and achieve a higher social class. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice concerns the social norms of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—a patriarchalRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe understanding of social, historical and cultural contexts through the reflections of illicit and explicit similarities and differences in the values and attributes presented. Jane Austen’s 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice and Fay Weldon’s 1993 epistolary text Letters to Alice, both challenge the worth of their time as contexts change, but values are upheld. Weldon’s reflection on Austen’s nineteenth century enviro nment, conveys to responders how marriage, gender roles and social class continue toRead MorePride And Prejudice: Love And Money In Holy Matrimony .1396 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice: Love and Money in Holy Matrimony Imagine a present day society where young women were only encouraged to seek a husband for their financial purposes and to gain a reputable status in the social class system. Today, who can fathom a happy marriage between two individuals without love? Well, that’s exactly what was expected in the life of the middle class families during the early nineteenth century, like the Bennet’s daughters in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. The novelRead MoreJane Austen s Criticism And Judgment Of Socially Constructed Beliefs Of Women1199 Words   |  5 PagesBy developing unconventional female characters that defied social customs, Jane Austen utilized her literary pieces as a framework to critique misogynist beliefs formed by society. Living in a patriarchal society dominated by men and harsh gender roles in England, Jane Austen sought to transform cultural values. She used the ideology of marriage and her heroines’ refusal of courtship to effectively and s trategically chastise sexist views on gender and marriage. Her development of defiant charactersRead MoreEssay on Jane Austin and Pride Prejudice1457 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austin is currently known today as one of the women who first developed the ideas related to feminism (Abrams). Jane’s work became prevalent in English literature during time of transition from neo-classicism to romanticism (Abrams). She was influenced by a number of other literary figures of her time, and by the society in which she lived. Her writing sometimes reflected earlier writers, whom she sometimes mocked because they always portrayed a perfect world in their writing and the world wasRead MoreFeminist Analysis Of Pride And Prejudice1397 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 Feminist Analysis of Pride and Prejudice A revolution, a rebellion; literature allows us readers to identify the new up and coming behaviors that stray away from the formal traditions and bringing out the individualism in characters. Whether it’d be on a piece of paper or in actual society, it is very unusual and extremely rare to see a women of the Regency era to even have an opinion or even small judgement. In Jane Austen’s romantic novel, Pride and Prejudice, the traditional role of womenRead MoreDiscovering a Womans Role in Society Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesthat women were supposed to do two things: marry and have children. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen demonstrates a women’s struggle within a society that stresses the importance of marriage and strict behavioral customs. As evidenced by the Bennett daughters: Elizabeth, Jane and Lydia, as well as Charlotte Collins, marriage for young women was a pursuit that dominated their lives. The much acclaimed novel, Pride and Prejudice was written during the Regency Period (1790-1820). The Regency periodRead MoreDiscovering a Woman’s Role in Society in Pride and Prejudice Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as love or for the wrong reasons such as advancing social status. In 19th century Britain, laws were enacted to further suppress women that eventually bore the idea that women were supposed to do two things: marry and have children. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen demonstrates a women’s struggle within a society that stresses the importance of marriage and strict behavioral customs. As evidenced by the Bennett daughters: Elizabeth, Jane and Lydia, as well as Charlotte Collins, marriage for youngRead MoreManners in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen3437 Words   |  14 Pages Pride and Prejudice Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice not only established her historical importance among scholars and critics, but continues to remain popular. Pride and Prejudice, a comedy of manners, was published in 1813, and is a staple of the English literature. It recreates the social world of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England and embodies the theme that preconceptions and egotism can overcome true love. Pride and Prejudice is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elementsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1117 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen creates pompous, silly characters, who are often ridiculed mercilessly; however, her emphasis on their flaws does more than make readers laugh. Austen utilizes these characters to satirize the societal norms of Regency Era England. She uses Lady Catherine, a haughty noblewoman, to highlight the aristocracy’s condescension and disdain towards those lower in the hierarchy. William Collins, a sub missive and wrongfully egotistic clergyman, represents Austen’s society’s

International Marketing Essay - 926 Words

IDISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 1: 1. To what extent is a global approach to international marketing appropriate to firms in the Asia-Pacific? Global approaches are not always relevant to firms in the Asia-Pacific apart from alerting them to the nature of the international competitive environment in which they are likely to operate. A global approach is not an operating strategy for Indigenous small and medium scale exporters (SMEs) and is only partially appropriate for local subsidiaries of transnational firms. 2. Do the driving forces always outweigh the restraining forces in ensuring the attractiveness of international marketing to the Asia-Pacific firm? 3. Why is it necessary to adopt a holistic approach in†¦show more content†¦6. Describe the way in which cultural differences can act to impede communication between business people of different nationality. 7. What are the shortcomings of Hoftsede’s criteria for assessing differences on a global basis? Do you consider that his fifth factor adequately caters for the underlying differences between Asian and Western cultural values? Chapter 12: 1. Prepare a Matrix showing the following countries along the horizontal axis: Canada, Vietnam, Thailand and Japan. On the vertical axis list each of the six factors to be taken into account when redefining the business and considering international markets. In the cells indicate how these factors would differ for each of the four countries. 2. How would leveraging capabilities with respect to the Indonesian market differ between an Australian/New Zealand producer of computer software and an Australian/New Zealand manufacturer of automotive parts? 3. Modifying a product to facilitate its sale internationally will involve extra costs. To what extent are these costs discretionary and how would you assess whether the costs are worthwhile. 4. For what kinds of products do you expect customer needs to be worldwide? Why? 5. 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This is achieved by one country exporting other countries’ products into its own business environment; it can also enter on franchising terms or through licensing in the country of interest, or direct investment in the foreign country. Market mix development involves product promotion, product pricing

Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle

Question: Discuss about the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle. Answer: Introduction: Aristotle is one of the towering figures, when it comes to ancient Greek philosophy. He made contributions to logics, mathematics, logics, physics, botany, politics, ethics, metaphysics, agriculture, theater, dance and even medicine. He was the man of his era. There is no study in the higher level, in which his contribution was not found. Aristotle studied under another great philosopher, Socrates, while being the student of Plato. He was much more empirical than Plato or even Socrates and as per the findings, is renowned for rejecting theory of forms by Plato. As a writer and a polymath, he fundamentally transformed most areas of knowledge which he came in touch with. It is no surprise thatAquinascalled to him- "The Philosopher." In his life span, Aristotle created 200 treatises, out of which just 31 survive at present. In this report we would be discussing of the theory of Golden Mean by Aristotle. This concept means that the moral behavior is nothing but a mean of two extreme behaviors of humans. One extreme is the excess and the other one is deficiency. All a person needs to find a position in between these two extremes and they will find the right morality act. Inprimordial Greek philosophy, particularly that ofAristotles age,golden middleway orgolden meanor also known as theGoldilocks Theoryis the enviable center between the two extreme ends, one known as the excess and other one as deficiency. For example we can take, the Aristotelian viewpoint,courageis an asset, but if found in excess would be marked aswildness, and, in deficit, same is manifested ascowardice. The idea of Aristotle's hypothesis of golden mean is presented in work well known as the Nicomachean Ethics, where Aristotle discusses the source, nature and growth of intrinsic worth which is necessary for achieving and reaching to the ultimate goal of life i.e., happiness (eudaimonia),that should be preferred for itself. It cannot be confused with carnal or materialistic pleasures, although the case has been opposite with many people who believe this to be their final and real happiness, so according to Aristotle, they are mainly attaining basic level of pleasures. Its a system of life which enlightens us to exist in unity with ones personality, to develop our character and to deal with small and foreseeable problems of life for striving for the superior of the whole and not just focus for the individual. Aristotle's principles are strongly, practical and teleological, which means, it must be the act which leads to the awareness of the superior in the human being and the whole as well. This can be only thought throughpermanent performing in unity with virtues, like happiness. It must be preferred for the selves and not just for the short term happiness or pleasures that are derived from them. It doesnt mean that pleasures are not connected with happiness or happiness in part from pleasures, but pleasures are not the purpose, they are a natural effect. If a person wants to act virtuously, he must firstly acquire or learn virtues. And this can only come through, upbringing, reasons and experience. Developing certain principles at an early will always show their effect in the later life of humans. Most of the Aristotles ethics are focused on character of a person because he believes that a person can improve his virtues by his character. A person should support awareness, to choose intrinsic worth for the sake of them and his actions must derive from a rigid and unbreakable character, which shows the circumstances for keeping and showing virtues. Our happiness and goodwill will always create an optimistic authority on others as well, and will also develop their character. The theory of golden mean remarks stability between the extremes, also known as the vices. For example if, courage is the center between deficiency i.e. (forwardness in extreme) and the other of excess i.e. (recklessness in extreme). A coward is a fighter who runs away from the battleground and a hasty warrior would accuse fifty opponent armed forces. This does not mean that this golden mean is an exact numerical middle between the extremes, but it would come like, middle is dependent on the circumstances. There is, as such no general or universally accepted middle that can be applied to every condition. Aristotle claimed that its simple to be annoyed, but being annoyed at the correct time and a correct reasons well as at the correct person and in the exact amount is truly considered to be a brilliant act. As balancing of power in some situations can symbolize, invariable moral development of the person is critical for recognition. This doesn't involve that Aristotle upholds moral re lativism, just because he gave a list of certain sentiments and actions (envy, hate, jealousy, murder, theft) as for all time wrong, not considering of the conditions at hand in the place of action. The golden mean can be applied only for intrinsic worth, not for vices. In certain ethical beliefs, however, murder can become a defensible act in certain situations, for example, in case of self-defense. Hence, we reviewed the theory of golden mean given by Aristotle through various examples and variables. The significance of the theory of golden mean is reviled as; it affirms the equilibrium desirable in life. It is puzzling how the ancient astuteness can change a thought and gives a precious way of attaining moral order for todays world. Today's contemporary man mostly succumbs in excessiveness of excess, which can be easily noticed in the unmanageable accretion of materialistic life, food, drugs, alcohol, but he can tumble down into deficit as well, as in derisory attention to health, education and other activities, logical pursuits, etc. Aristotle was involved in the study of nature, he, quickly got to know the significance of stability in nature and about the remarkable consequence it has. While keeping up the various sides of life let going. Human beings are a part of nature, it gifts them life, so isn't it sensible to wind up that they must also support this equilibrium, just like the nature? The trouble is that a huge mass of people are unenthusiastic about admitting that nobody is at the top of the nature, and are just a part of this whole nature. The basis for this is the restrictions of human awareness; it cannot take hold of the compound ways that nature always immensely intricate and the superior system work. Humans fear it as are unable to fully comprehend it. Conclusion The public in contemporary society needs to conquer their smugness and arrogance to look into the nature for real guidance of moral, because lastly all of us depend on it. Just the Staring into sky without any practice, imagining us in the sky wont let us achieve any good; else, it is always better to admit our role in this world and always try to value the beauty of nature, death and life. It is not needed to have fresh" and "progressive" rules of life and happiness when there are old wisdom words and rules by the world's supreme philosophers just in front of our eyes, elapsed in the dirty shelves in a crumbling store or a library. The stability, the theory of golden mean, which was talked by must be taken as important and beneficial in all walks of life, as it is not by humans but taught by the nature itself. References Aristotle., (2016). The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle. Lanham: Dancing Unicorn Books. Aristotle., and Rackham, H. (1999). The Nichomachean ethics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. Aristotle., Bartlett, R. and Collins, S. (n.d.). Aristotle's Nicomachean ethics. Cunningham, S. (1999). Getting It Right: Aristotle's "Golden Mean" as Theory Deterioration. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, [online] 14(1), pp.5-15. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jm140101 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. GROTH, B. (1914). THE "GOLDEN MEAN" IN THE INHERITANCE OF SIZE. Science, [online] 39(1007), pp.581-584. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.39.1007.581 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Schleiermacher, F. (1999). Notes on Aristotle Nichomachean Ethics 89. Theology Today, [online] 56(2), pp.164-168. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057369905600203 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Scodel, J. (2002). Excess and the mean in early modern English literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Socrates Was An Ancient Greek Philosopher Who Was Accused Of Impiety A

Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher who was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth of Athens. His sentence was death, byway of drinking poison. However, prior to his execution day, a friend, Crito, offered Socrates an opportunity to flee Athens, and evade his death sentence. Socrates refused to run away, and he justified his reasons to Crito. I agree with Socrates' justifications for not escaping, he accepted his death justly and faced the sentence the Athenian court declared. Throughout the Crito, Socrates explains his reasoning for not evading the government. Socrates introduces several pivotal ideas in the dialogue, which led me to agree with his decision. The first idea requires a person to contemplate whether or not the society in which he lives has a just reasoning behind its' own standards of right and wrong. The second idea requires a person to have pride in the life that he leads. In establishing basic questions of these two concepts, Socrates has precluded his own circumstance and continues to prove that the choice he has made is just. ...I am the kind of man who listens only to the argument that on reflection seems best to me. I cannot, not that this fate has come upon me, discard the arguments used; they seem to me much the same. Socrates states that making a conscious choice to remain under the influence of a society is an unconscious agreement with that society to live your life by its' standards and virtues. It is by this notion that people live by today as well. For example, a person chooses to live in a country with a certain type of government. By making the choice to live in this country, the person silently agrees to abide by the laws of that country, or else suffer the consequences. It is to this principle that Socrates adheres to. After establishing the previous point, Socrates reinforces his decision by the fact that the laws and governing agents of the society must command a certain degree of respect. Any person who would disobey these laws creates a deliberate attempt to destroy them and implicitly the society that has imposed them. If the decisions of the city's governing agents are not thoroughly respected as just and cohesive parts of society, the very structure by which the society stands is subject to collapse. If a person is found to be in violation of what his society stands for and does not accept the consequences of his actions, then there cannot be a system of law in place to create order. You must either persuade it or obey its orders, and endure in silence whatever it instructs you to endure, whether blows or bond, and if it leads you into to war or be wounded or killed you must obey. The society in which a person lives, creates a mutual relationship in which every person in that society is inde bted to if he willingly accepts that society for his own. Socrates concludes that if he were to follow Crito's advice he would be committing several wrong actions against a society which he calls his own. In the time of the ancient Greeks, to disobey your won society, is the to betray what was taught to be right by parents. They pass on to their children what they hold to be true; for they brought a person into a society that they believed to be profound and just. In modern society we have similar beliefs. Parents raise and teach their children beliefs and morals that they also hold to be correct. Socrates states that by remaining a member of a society, one must in fact accept the society as their own. The agreement he made within his city to obey the laws, and to live as a good citizen makes the thought of exile shameful and therefore unacceptable. Running away from the decision that his own society has made would be an affirmation of his own guilt in the eyes of his family and peers. Although he may have been wrongly imprisoned and sentenced to death, he holds very little value in the belief that two wrongs can achieve a right. In this case the wrongs being